United States naturalization test: what to expect

What Is the U.S. Naturalization Test?

The naturalization test is an examination you take as part of applying for U.S. citizenship. It has three main parts: English language ability, civics knowledge, and background review. The test checks whether you meet the basic requirements to become a citizen. You'll take it during your citizenship interview with a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) officer.

English Language Section

This part tests your ability to read, write, and speak English. The speaking portion happens naturally during your interview conversation with the officer. For reading, you'll read one out of three sentences correctly. For writing, you'll write one out of three sentences correctly. The sentences are straightforward and use common, everyday vocabulary and grammar. They relate to civics, history, or daily life topics. Practicing basic sentences beforehand helps build your confidence.

Civics Knowledge Section

The civics test focuses on U.S. government, history, and rights. You'll answer up to 10 questions from a list of about 100 possible civics questions. Topics include:

• The Constitution and Bill of Rights
• How the three branches of government work
• The rights and responsibilities of citizens
• Key historical events and figures
• The structure of state and local government

You need to answer at least 6 questions correctly to pass. The USCIS publishes all 100 possible civics questions online so you can study in advance.

How the Test Is Conducted

Your USCIS officer will ask questions during your naturalization interview. There's no separate written exam for most applicants. The officer judges your English ability through normal conversation and the reading/writing tasks. They ask civics questions one at a time and wait for your answers. You can ask the officer to repeat a question if you don't understand it.

Preparing for Success

Start studying several months before your interview date. Use free study materials from USCIS, including practice tests and the official civics question list. Consider taking an English language class if you need extra help. Many libraries and community centers offer free citizenship preparation classes. Study with family, friends, or a tutor if possible. Practice reading and writing simple sentences daily.

What Happens After You Pass

Once you pass the English and civics sections, USCIS will review your background check and application answers. If everything is approved, you'll receive notice of your oath ceremony. At the ceremony, you'll take the Oath of Allegiance and receive your Certificate of Naturalization. You'll then officially be a U.S. citizen.

This is general self-help information, not legal advice. Always verify current rules on the official government website.